Closed-loop supply chain is a comprehensive research concept and operational paradigm that integrates the management of both forward and reverse material flows within a supply network. It investigates the systematic planning, implementation, and control of activities related to the collection, inspection, disposition, and recovery of used products or materials for reintegration into the supply chain. Characterized by the explicit incorporation of reverse logistics alongside traditional forward channels, its significance lies in optimizing resource utilization, enhancing economic value through asset recovery, and contributing to environmental sustainability and circular economy objectives.